Johnnie Johnson - World War 2 Johnnie Johnson

Johnnie Johnson - World War 2 Johnnie Johnson Johnnie Johnson - Early Life Career: Conceived on March 9, 1915, James Edgar Johnnie Johnson was the child of Alfred Johnson, a Leicestershire police officer. A devoted outdoorsman, Johnson was raised locally and gone to Loughborough Grammar School. His profession at Loughborough reached a sudden conclusion when he was ousted for swimming in the school pool with a young lady. Going to the University of Nottingham, Johnson considered structural building and graduated in 1937. The next year he broke his neckline bone while playing for Chingford Rugby Club. In the wake of the injury, the bone was inappropriately set and mended erroneously. Entering the Military: Having an enthusiasm for avionics, Johnson applied for passage into the Royal Auxiliary Air Force yet was dismissed dependent on his physical issue. Still anxious to serve, he joined the Leicestershire Yeomanry. With strains with Germany expanding in late 1938 because of the Munich Crisis, the Royal Air Force decreased its entrance measures and Johnson had the option to pick up induction into the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Subsequent to experiencing fundamental preparing on ends of the week, he was called up in August 1939 and sent to Cambridge for flight preparing. His flying instruction was finished at 7 Operational Training Unit, RAF Hawarden in Wales. The Nagging Injury: Over the span of preparing, Johnson found that his shoulder caused him incredible agony while flying. This demonstrated especially obvious when flying elite airplane, for example, the Supermarine Spitfire. The injury was additionally exacerbated following an accident during preparing in which Johnsons Spitfire did a ground circle. Despite the fact that he gave different sorts of cushioning a shot his shoulder, he kept on finding that he would lose feeling in his correct arm while flying. Quickly presented on No. 19 Squadron, he before long got an exchange to No. 616 Squadron at Coltishall. Detailing his shoulder issues to the doctor he was before long given a decision between reassignment as a preparation pilot or experiencing medical procedure to reset his neckline bone. Promptly deciding on the last mentioned, he was expelled from flight status and sent to the RAF Hospital at Rauceby. Because of this activity, Johnson missed the Battle of Britain. Coming back to No. 616 Squadron in December 1940, he started ordinary flight activities and supported in bringing down a German airplane the next month. Moving with the group to Tangmere in mid 1941, he started to see more activity. A Rising Star: Rapidly substantiating himself a talented pilot, he was welcome to fly in Wing Commander Douglas Baders area. Picking up understanding, he scored his first execute, a Messerschmitt Bf 109 on June 26. Partaking in the contender clears over Western Europe that late spring, he was available when Bader was shot down on August 9. Scoring his fifth slaughter and turning into an expert in September, Johnson got the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) and made flight administrator. Throughout the following a while he kept on performing honorably and earned a bar for his DFC in July 1942. An Established Ace: In August 1942, Johnson got order of No. 610 Squadron and drove it over Dieppe during Operation Jubilee. Over the span of the battling, he brought down a Focke-Wulf Fw 190. Proceeding to add to his aggregate, Johnson was elevated to acting Wing Commander in March 1943 and provided order of the Canadian Wing at Kenley. Regardless of being English-conceived, Johnson immediately picked up the Canadians trust through his administration noticeable all around. The unit demonstrated astoundingly compelling under his direction and he by and by brought down fourteen German warriors among April and September. For his accomplishments in mid 1943, Johnson got the Distinguish Service Order (DSO) in June. A large number of extra murders earned him a bar for the DSO that September. Expelled from flight tasks for a half year toward the finish of September, Johnsons complete numbered 25 executes and he held the official position of Squadron Leader. Appointed to No. 11 Group Headquarters, he performed regulatory obligations until March 1944 when he was put in order of No. 144 (RCAF) Wing. Scoring his 28th execute on May 5, he turned into the most elevated scoring British pro still effectively flying. Top Scorer: Proceeding to fly through 1944, Johnson continued adding to his count. Scoring his 33rd execute on June 30, he passed Group Captain Adolph Sailor Malan as the top-scoring British pilot against the Luftwaffe. Provided order of No. 127 Wing in August, he brought down two Fw 190s on the 21st. Johnsons last triumph of World War II went ahead September 27 over Nijmegen when he decimated a Bf 109. Over the span of the war, Johnson flew 515 fights and killed 34 German airplane. He partook in seven extra murders which added 3.5 to his aggregate. What's more, he had three probables, ten harmed, and one annihilated on the ground. After war: In the last a long time of the war, his men watched the skies over Kiel and Berlin. With the finish of the contention, Johnson was the RAFs second most noteworthy scoring pilot of the war behind Squadron Leader Marmaduke Pattle who had been killed in 1941. With the finish of the war, Johnson was given a changeless commission in the RAF first as a unit head and afterward as a wing administrator. After assistance at the Central Fighter Establishment, he was sent to the United States to pick up involvement with stream warrior tasks. Flying the F-86 Saber and F-80 Shooting Star, he saw administration in the Korean War with the US Air Force. Coming back to the RAF in 1952, he filled in as Air Officer Commanding at RAF Wildenrath in Germany. After two years he started a three-year visit as Deputy Director, Operations at the Air Ministry. After a term as Air Officer Commanding, RAF Cottesmore (1957-1960), he was elevated to air commodore. Elevated to air bad habit marshal in 1963, Johnsons last well-trained order was as Air Officer Commanding, Air Forces Middle East. Resigning in 1966, Johnson worked in business for the rest of his expert life just as filled in as Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Leicestershire in 1967. Composing a few books about his vocation and flying, Johnson passed on of malignant growth on January 30, 2001. Chosen Sources James Edgar Johnnie JohnsonAir Vice Marshal James Johnnie JohnsonCentury of Flight: Johnnie Johnson

High School Seniors Essay Example for Free

Secondary School Seniors Essay Numerous individuals accept open lunch ought to be a benefit stretched out to seniors who wish to leave the school grounds and nearby zones during their allocated lunch periods. This benefit is predicated on the conviction that understudies as they enter their last long stretches of secondary school ought to be trusted to settle on develop choices and act capably. A few understudies wish they could leave just so they could grab a bite other than school food. I comprehend that only one out of every odd senior shows the best possible development and they ought to be distinguished and treated appropriately. With regards to privilages, seniors dont have many contrasted with underclassman. Without a doubt, we get a free period instead of study corridor and a senior skip day, however dont we merit more for our twelve years of difficult work and exertion put into school? Dont we merit something that, honestly, makes everybody increasingly mindful of our position status, something that we can appreciate this year and different evaluations can anticipate? That something can be found in most likely one of the more dubious themes in secondary schools, off grounds snacks. I comprehend the school is liable for us from the time we show up at school until the time we leave, and having the option to have an off grounds lunch would mean we are as yet the schools obligation, despite the fact that were not nearby. In any case, imagine a scenario in which guardians were to sign a note expressing their kid is permitted to leave school during lunch hours and would be their duty. If anything somehow managed to happen to an understudy, guardians would not reserve the option to run into school, arms thrashing uncontrollably, accusing whomever they can for what befell their youngster. However, isnt it time that the school lets us rely upon ourselves in settling on the better choices, which for this situation would be returning to class in time. We will go from being observed throughout the day to a school situation where we are the ones to choose what to do. Students who neglect to meet their duty may relinquish the benefit through and through and might be dependent upon other disciplinary activities. The school ought to create decides and guidelines that advance consistence with the strategy and guarantee that solitary qualified seniors use the benefit of open lunch.

Summer 2011 Internship Post #2 Dara Stofenberg COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Summer 2011 Internship Post #2 Dara Stofenberg COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Dara Stofenberg is a second year MIA student concentrating in International Security Policy. ___________________________ One of things I am most grateful for at SIPA is the wide variety of employers across sectors who come to the school to recruit for their organizations. On any given day, there are multiple employers from think tanks, NGOs, the U.S. Government, and consulting firms coming “to sell” their organization to SIPA students, whom they view as potential future employees. It was through this process that I found my summer internship at Booz Allen Hamilton in Washington, DC. Over the course of my 10 week experience, I provided analytical support, conducted research, and wrote papers to help the firm better support some of its security sector clients. Booz Allen Hamilton is a top government consulting firm and contractor, as well as one of the Fortune 500 largest public companies. The firm has been ranked consistently by FORTUNE magazine as one of the “100 Best Companies to Work For,” and this summer I learned that it is easy to see why.   “Collaboration” is perhaps the most important word at Booz Allen. Teamwork drives everything the firm does. Whiteboards and discussions are the modes that drive the way work is conducted. Bouncing ideas off of colleagues, regardless of their tenure, is a consistent feature of the work day. This aspect creates an energizing and friendly environment where people are happy to help and mentor one another. Coming from SIPA, where students are no stranger to doing things in groups, all of the group projects, homework assignments, presentations, and study sessions, I participated in during my first year definitely helped prepare me to excel in this environment. Like at SIPA, working in a group environment at Booz Allen fostered some great relationships. I interned in a small cohort with 13 other students from other great international and public affairs schools, including two other Columbia students. I look forward to being in contact with these individuals both personally and professionally throughout my career. I feel very fortunate that I was able to work directly in my area of interest and in an engaging environment where diversity, development, and merit were highly valued. If not for SIPA, I probably would not have had the opportunity to have gained this incredible experience.

The Suicide Of North Carolina - 900 Words

In 2012 and 2013, approximately thirteen people per 100,000 annually attempt to commit suicide, whether this leads to hospitalizations or completed suicides; this makes suicide one of the leading causes of death in North Carolina. Members of the community identified as having the highest suicide attempts and deaths are between the ages 10-24 and 45-64 (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention 2015). Also, out of these attempts and deaths, white men compose approximately seventy percent of those numbers across America (Amer. Foundation for Suicide Preven. 2015; NC Dept. of Health and Human Services 2012, 2013); this rate disproportionately places white men at a higher risk within their gender and race for suicide risk. However, this is not to say that minorities or women are at a lower risk, but they do have a much lower suicide rate than white men. But, most suicide victims in North Carolina from 2009 to 2011 were male, non-Hispanic, and between the ages of 25 – 64 (2013). C onsequently, the economic impact of completed suicides in 2010 falls around $44 billion annually. This is because the economic burden tends to effect working age citizens more often than those who commit suicide (2015). However, non-fatal suicide attempts cost around $2 billion annually for hospitalization costs, and another $4.3 billion is spent on indirect costs such as the loss of wages over an extended period of time (2015). Although these costs seem to be more of a private trouble rather than aShow MoreRelatedEssay On Community Communities1352 Words   |  6 PagesDear Local Politicians of North Carolina, The North Carolina/ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD, 2017), needs to provide Community Centers for and be more concerned about the poor in Raleigh North Carolina. Out of the 458,880-people living in Raleigh North Carolina, more than sixteen percent of this population is in poverty. The poverty rate for Raleigh North Carolina increased by a whopping ninety seven percent; now Raleigh is placed third for poverty growth nationally. (BrowderRead MoreHouse Bill 2. Introduction. In The United States, The Only1530 Words   |  7 PagesHouse Bill 2 Introduction In the United States, the only LGBT right guaranteed on the national level is same-sex marriage. North Carolina pales in comparison to other states on this front, especially when you consider the effects of House Bill 2. In this memo, I propose that State Republicans work towards a prompt repeal of House Bill 2, in an effort to curb the economic consequences of it. A repeal would give local institutions the right to establish their own nondiscrimination policies, revertingRead MoreGay Marriage And Religious Freedom869 Words   |  4 Pagesthis scenario, after lesbian couples Donna and Theodora married in the state of Massachusetts instead of North Carolina (Theodora’s home state), both decided to move to North Carolina in the city of Clinton where they found jobs to financially support one another. However, when both couples contacted a local bakery shop for a wedding cake, they were denied by the shop’s owner who cited North Carolina’s recently enacted law tha t allows businesses to refuse the patronage of homosexuals when the businessRead MorePostpartum Depression And Postpartum Psychosis936 Words   |  4 Pagesdifference (2014, para.12)†. When doctors do not recognize the difference and is treating the new mom for postpartum depression instead of psychosis, the end results can be harmful for the mother. The rate of mothers harming their children or commit suicide has increased over time. More states would benefit to have more faculties that deal with women suffering perinatal (prenatal and postpartum) mood disorders. Other treatments to look at are therapy, support groups, or assistance with child care.Read MoreEssay about America Needs More Gun Control Laws1397 Words   |  6 Pagesaffair. From the cost of medical care, disability for some, investigations, and in many cases death. The estimated cost could be in the billions each year. There has been an increase in robberies in many neighborhoods, school shootings, and even suicide that involves the use of guns. The current laws and regulations in place appear to be too weak. There has to be better solutions in order to control gun violence. From studying the current laws and regulations in place, there are a few solutions thatRead MoreCyber Bullying : Should The United States Crack Down And Enforce Cyber Cyberbullying?1670 Words   |  7 Pagesstates are trying to enforce it with a couple laws and restrictions but it won’t be that easy to get rid of something as big as cyber bullying has become. Should the United States crack down and enforce cyber bullying more? This issue has caused suicide and many other mental and physical problems with teens and even kids throughout the United States. People who are involved in this or have started a conflict with someone over the internet are called cyber bullies. Cyber bullies harass teensRead MoreThe Changing Role of Women in 1920s811 Words   |  4 Pagesthe vote. A widespread attitude was that womens roles and mens roles did not overlap, this idea of separate spheres held that women should concern themselves with home, children, and religion, while men took care of business and politics. North Carolina opponents of woman suffrage claimed that women are not the equal of men mentally and being able to vote would take them out of their proper sphere of life. Though slow to use their newly won voting rights, women were represented on localRead MoreCyberbullying through Social Media and the Internet1134 Words   |  4 Pagesvictims often feel trapped because it not only happens at school but it follows them home. They are often afraid to speak up against the person who is bullying them. This results in the victims having psychology problems and may even result in suicide. Cyberbullying affects many people throughout the United States each year, and ultimately, laws should be implemented against cyberbullying in order to protect children and even adults from the emotional effects that it can cause. Cyberbullying hasRead MoreLgbt Issues Are The New Black960 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased self-harm. Transgender individuals are at a much higher risk of attempting suicide when compared to the rest of the population and the LGB groups of the LGBT community. In a survey, 4.6% of the population showed a suicide attempt at one point in their lifetime while transgender respondents had 41% attempted suicide. This study concludes that trans individuals are almost 10 times more likely to attempt suicide when compared to the general population and 4 times more likely than gay, lesbianRead MoreOut Of All The States In America, Everyone Knows That Texas1554 Words   |  7 Pagesare also laws that make it easier for discrimination to occur and to go unpunished, as well as numerous practices in Texas that make it harder for LGBTQ people. This is in contrast to the effect that pro-LGBTQ laws have on people and decrease the suicide rates in LGBTQ youth and offer positive representation. As a wh ole, Texas law is failing LGBTQ citizens and allowing discrimination to occur against them. A large part of the reason why homophobia is allowed to run rampant in Texas is the large religious

Fourth Grade Reading Comprehension Books

Hamlet, why did he delay Essay - 1626 Words

William Shakespeare, perhaps the greatest playwright of all time, authored a number of works consisting of sonnets, comedies, and tragedies. In his brilliant career, Shakespeare created literary works of art. What makes Shakespeare unlike any other writer of his time, is his ability to organize a realistic plot, manage themes, and develop characters within his works (Nordling). As well, Shakespeares ability to provoke feeling and reaction to his writing is also what sets him apart from other common writers. Of his works, Hamlet is perhaps the most studied and most interesting of the collected tragedies. In this play, many question the actions of the characters and particularly the actions of Hamlet. The answer to: Why does Hamlet delay†¦show more content†¦Undoubtedly, Hamlet is a man of action. (Eliot) Why then, does Hamlet require five Acts to finally prove this concept? A number of different possibilities exist. The single, most important of these possibilities are Hamlets internal conflicts within his own mind, body, and soul. From the first Act, Hamlet displays a substantial amount of concern for his mother.quot;...Why, she would hang on him / As if increase of appetite had grown / By what it fed on; and yet, within a month / Let me not think; Frailty, thy name is woman!quot; Clearly, Hamlets concern for the Queen, his mother, is genuine. Within this thought, Hamlet realized the severity of his mothers actions while also attempting to rationalize her mentality so that he may understand, and perhaps, cope with the untimely nature of the Queens marriage to Claudius. Understandably, Hamlet is disturbed. (Nighan) Gertrude causes such confusion in Hamlet that throughout the play, he constantly wondered how it could be possible that events would turn out the way that they had. This unfortunate turn of events is often questioned since Gertrude, the same woman who had instilled a great sense of religion in Hamlet, contradicts such a value that proves quot;Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.quot; (Nordling) While regarding this as the principal means for Hamlets frustration, it is not until seeing a spirit form that Hamlet decided to seek the truth, and ultimately, exact revenge. After envisioning theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Hamlet 11844 Words   |  4 Pages Why does Hamlet delay taking action against Claudius? This is a question that everyone want to know. We all know that Hamlet want to kill his Uncle Claudius as soon as possible. But why does he wait so long to sweep to his revenge? I believe that there are more than one reason why Hamlet delays before he takes action. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One reason why Hamlet delays to take action against Claudius is because he does not just want to kill him, but he wants to damn his spirit. He hatesRead MoreWhy Did Hamlet Delay Killing the King?892 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet is one of Shakespeare’s many tragedies. Common themes in these works by Shakespeare are murder and deceit. Hamlet is full of each. The protagonist of the play, Prince Hamlet, is a young man whose father was murdered two months before the beginning of the story. Early on in the play Hamlet is approached by the ghost of his father. He explains to Hamlet that his brother, Claudius, murdered him. Before he returns to purgatory, he asks that Hamlet take revenge on Claudius, who, since the murderRead MoreHamlet and the Issue of Revenge in William Shakespeares Play1520 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet and the Issue of Revenge in William Shakespeares Play The question of why Hamlet does not immediately avenge his fathers death is perhaps one of the most perplexing problems faced by an audience. Each generation of viewers has come up with its own explanation, and it has now become the most widely known critical problem in Shakespearean studies. A rather simplistic, yet valid standpoint to take on this problem is that it was essential to the tragedys narrativeRead More Revenge In Hamlet Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pages Hamlet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hamlet is a classic example of a tragedy as Hamlet suffers while trying to avenge his fathers death and eventually dies at the end while attempting to do so. Hamlet feels empty without resolution to his fatheramp;#8217;s death and since there is no justice system that is going to reveal the truth about his fatheramp;#8217;s death, he must take it into his own hands. Hamlet delays killing Claudius for a long time after the ghost appears. Hamlet delays hisRead More The Reluctance of Hamlet toward Killing Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesReluctance of Hamlet toward Killing in William Shakespeares Hamlet The reluctant character Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, has become one of the most cited characters in history. Throughout Shakespeares play Hamlet knows what he must do, but avoids it in his mind. The problem is: why does hamlet delay in avenging his fathers death? Hamlet is afraid. He is afraid of failure. Hamlet tries to play off his fear by blaming outside circumstances, like doubting the existence of the ghost when he knows inRead MoreHamlet Good vs Evil Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark† -William Shakespeare Good VS. Evil Why Does Hamlet delay so long in achieving his revenge- what is really stopping him? There is an inner battle inside Hamlet that no one knows about, good versus evil, stuck between both worlds. Hamlet is the only one who can decided which world to want to be apart of. Hamlet, the story, reveals that the individual can only find meaning by looking inward and living according to his or her own beliefs and includingRead MoreHamlet: No Delay, No Play Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Hamlet, title character in the play of the same name, has been criticized for centuries due to his delay in killing his uncle Claudius and the consequences that occurred as a result. But as one critic once pointed out, â€Å"No delay, no play† (Jenkins 137). The entire plot of Hamlet is based on the events that occur due to Hamlet’s waffling as to whether or not he should, and when he should, avenge his father’s murder. Hamlet, who appears to be a Chris tian man, would be committingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1474 Words   |  6 PagesBibliography There are no sources in the current document. Hamed Alanazi English 230 Dec 4, 2015 Hamlet Hamlet, a play written by William Shakespeare is very close to the dramatic conventions of the revenge in Elizabeth era. All the revenge conventions are used in Hamlet which made it a typical revenge play. Hamlet is one of those Elizabethan heroes considered themselves seriously mistreated by an influential figure with having a desire to avenge the crime against their family. Shakespeare learnedRead MoreEssay on The Ideal Hero in Shakespeares Hamlet1632 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet is not like the other tragic heroes of his period. He stands apart from other Shakespeares heroes because of his innocence. Perhaps this supposed tragic hero is an ideal hero - one without the tragic flaw. The tragic flaw has been a part of the formula for the tragedy since the Golden age of Greece. The main, and, most often, the only flaw that has been attributed to Hamlet is his delay.   This seems to constitute the central part in Hamlet. Critics seem to cling to this detail, as ifRead MoreEssay about Hamlets Fatal Flaw786 Words   |  4 PagesHamlets fatal flaw is his inability to act. Unlike his father, Hamlet lets his intelligence rather than his heroism govern him. When he has a chance to kill Claudius, and take vengeance for his fathers murder, he hesitates, reckoning that if he kills the man while he is at prayer, Claudius would have asked for pardon from the Lord and been forgiven of his sins, therefore allowing him to enter Heaven. Hamlet decides to wait for a better opening. His flaw of being hesitant in the end leads to

Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society

Question: Task: You have recently been employed as the Director of Informatics for the Metro Hospital in Brisbane. The Metro Hospital is a 363 bed facility on the Northside of Brisbane. The services include general surgical, general medical, oncology, vascular, ear, nose and throat, palliative care, ophthalmology and maternity and childrens services. It has good links with the Division of General Practitioners in the local area. Answer: Overview: HIMSS or Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society is a non-profit making organization. The goal of this organization is to develop a data interpretation regarding healthcare information and management systems. Therefore, using its Electronic Medical Records Adoption Model, HIMSS marks the hospitals on the basis of a scale of 0 to 7 (Campbell et al., 2013). When any hospital scores HIMSS Level 7, it refers to the utilization of highest degree of electronic health implementation. It also implies to the fact that the hospital does not use paper on a large basis. HIMSS interferes with the utilization of Information technology and optimal management systems to make human life better. EMR or Electronic Medical Records is also known as Electronic Health Records. These records are certain digital records that are followed by other facilities, insurance companies or doctors in the need of better medical services. This EMR system is utilized to keep the track record of a patients general health and medical history through computerized and electronic format (Brender et al., 2013). So, it is very necessary for the Metro Hospital to achieve HIMSS level 7 by 2025. It will help to modify the hospital in retrieving the patients records easily and navigating the patient through health care system in much safer and easy way. This health report will be written based on improvement services in Metro Hospital to achieve HIMSS Level 7 model by 2025. Vision for the Electronic Medical Records: Previously in the Metro Hospital, whole works were conducted in manual way. So, the vision of the author will be to improve the organization in such a way that it can achieve the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by 2025. Through adapting this model, the employment cost will be cut down as the manual work will be reduced. The official work will be carried out in more efficient and prompt way (Archer, 2014). In order to reach this level, the main aim of the hospital will be to make sure that the hospital participants should have received EMRAM score in the Annual HIMSS Analytics Study. The establishment of the electronic environment in the hospital will offer effective and efficient services to their customers. It will also increase the customer service level of that organization in the area. The EMR system will collect and preserve the health information regarding individual patients and populations in a systematic and electric method. Later this information will be shared under this system among various healthcare departments inside the hospital through a wide network (Kannry Fridsma, 2016). This system has positive impact on the hospital. This system will be designed in such a way that all the users will be provided with integrated clinical information. This will help the care givers to understand the health conditions of the patients in respect to their medical histories. Anybody like, general ancillary staff, clinicians and physicians can access this system. This system will include all range of data in comprehensive and summary format consisting of the personal data of the patients like, immunization status, laboratory tests, radiology images, vital signs, demographics, medical history, allergies and medications, billing information, age, weight etc. with others. T his system has records about patients encounters that permit for easy streamlining and automation of health information to increase the safety via evidence based decision making, outcomes reporting and quality management. This adopted system will enhance the ability of the hospital for revenue cycle, as it has the ability to supply the easily accessible data and medical information from those electronic records (Herland et al., 2014). This implemented system will make a room for upgraded applications. It will support complete and accurate charge by offering improved data. The coding and automation of the system will speed up the billing process. The medical care will be improved due to this system. As a result of that, the patients will not suffer which used to be seen previously due to poor prevalence and quality. The integrated information technology in this system reduces the administration cost, which will save more money and time in patients acre. The implementation of EHR will reduce the medical errors through supplying the decision supports in easy proliferation (Coiera, 2015). The healthcare industry will be improved through contemporary practices in medical literature and medicine. The EMR system presents onscreen ordered and layered presentations that offer relevant information and coding concepts related to medical procedures through onscreen browser capabilities. This system is advantageous because it is connected to the patients in the area. The patients, who are willing to seek for appointments, treatment, or clinical plans, can be communicated easily due to this system. Recently, Metro Hospital has made good contact with the General Practitioners Division in the area. So, these implementations will represent the hospital in global medical environment and the international patients will be associated with this organization (Eisenhaber, 2013). EMR is a paperless, computerized and digital system which will be utilized by the Metro Hospital to maintain the health information of the patients. It will increase the integrated process efficiency by reducing the documentation errors. This system has made the hospital totally paperless by sharing the clinical information and data through standard electronic transactions like state mandated electronic transactions, CCR, CCD among all entities and departments inside the health information networks (Kappen, 2015). Therefore, the Metro Hospital will be able to share health and wellness information between children, vascular, ophthalmology, maternity, surgical, oncology, general medical departments within the organization. The important technical factors are also included to make the implementation of electronic record successful. In this way, the management, implementation, and planning of the health information will be moved towards an automated electronic environment from overburdened environment (MacKellar et al., 2013). Staffs, technologies and work processes should be well adapted to provide the original information despite of increased expectations and scarce capital resources. Certain technical factors which will be considered in establishing electronic health records are implementation of new systems, renovation of physical environment, staff capacity development, realigning of processes that support the new strategic plan (Lorenzi Riley, 2013). Staff capacity development is crucial in the hospital. It will help to govern the cultural needs which will meet and emerge departments future needs by supplying opportunities and education. The goal of this is career development. Staff capacity building is important as it helps in the measurement of staff and customer satisfaction. This preparation of electronic health records also need the development of committed and qualified team in the hospital (Lombardo Buckeridge, 2012). The process realignment is important in the hospital because it helps the hospital to execute and plan efficiently the improved process methodologies and sustainable process changes. The realignment is also crucial because it measures the changes in the new system. This redesigning will help to align the departmental renovations and workflows for the best practice of the process. In order to make an optimal workflow, physical environment renovation through physical environment remodeling and decommissioning of the satellite area is very important. It will reduce the time in completing medical charts and upgrading them (Patel et al., 2014). The adequate place will be there, that can accommodate the completing of the charts quickly and accurately. Patients security will be taken care of in this system, as various third parties, hospital staffs and physicians have access to the information. This is also a part of renovation process. Analysis of Current Situation: To analyze the current health informatics in the Metro Hospital, the present operational system in serving the general hospital operations and clients will be discussed. At present, the advancement of technology and quality of healthcare is poor due to previous healthcare systems. The hospital is overloaded with an inefficient preparation environment, which makes very difficult for the people to serve a huge number of patients. The medical services in the Metro Hospital are completely based on paper charts. For example, lot of paper works is involved in collecting, monitoring and modifying the medical information (Nelson Staggers, 2013). This work does not involve only papers, it also involves manual effort. Due to these both manual and paper work, these works are facing lots of errors. These are hindering the health conditions of the patients. This situation is facilitating to implement the Electronic Medical records in the hospital. At present, the hospital is not using the operat ional functionality under guidance of effective, safe and efficient health care as the operations are conducted manually. To analyze the contemporary status of Informatics in Metro Hospital, it is necessary to determine and evaluate the cost of reaching the budget of Electronic Health Records system embellishment. This cost will be compensated by the employment cost. The employment cost will be reduced as EHR will reduce the manual effort (Marceglia et al., 2015). The current status of the hospitals short term needs, understanding the corporate goals and component deploying are very poor, which can be improved through this implementation. At present, the organization has made good communication with the General Practitioners Division in the local area. But they are not connected electronically. This is affecting their operational updating. So, the EMR will be placed to connect these practitioners and physicians with the electronic records of the hospitals. Previously providing the m edical facilities to the patients used to take a lot of time. This used to happen due to searching and updating the records manually. This delay is expected to be reduced through electronic data. In the current situation, another aspect is time consuming facility (Stephens Hussey, 2013). It takes a lot of time to perform the treatment manually while the patient is in emergency. This fact will be taken care of after implementation of this strategy. Critical aspects to support an EMR: Certain technical factors which will be considered in establishing electronic health records are implementation of new systems, renovation of physical environment, staff capacity development, realigning of processes that support the new strategic plan. Staff capacity development is crucial in the hospital. It will help to organize the cultural needs which will meet and emerge the future needs of the departments by supplying opportunities and education (Shortliffe Cimino, 2013). The goal of this is career development. Staff capacity building is important as it helps in the measurement of staff and customer satisfaction. This preparation of electronic health records also need the development of committed and qualified team in the hospital. The process realignment is important in the hospital because it helps the hospital to execute and plan efficiently the improved process methodologies and sustainable process changes. The realignment is also crucial because it measures the changes in the new system. This redesigning will help to align the departmental renovations and workflows for the best practice of the process. In order to make an optimal workflow, physical environment renovation through physical environment remodeling and decommissioning of the satellite area is very important. It will reduce the time in completing medical charts and upgrading them. The adequate place will be there, that can accommodate the completing of the charts quickly and accurately (Savel Foldy, 2012). Patients security will be taken care of in this system, as various third parties, hospital staffs and physicians have access to the information. This is also a part of renovation process. The management staffs in the hospital will always be informed with efficient function of the electronic record. The staffs will be aware of new strategy related requirements, regulations and regulatory authorities. Regulatory authorities decide the existing regulations and guidelines about destructing, reading, maintaining, and creating the traditional paper records. So, these EMR and EHR are important. Privacy legislation related to use, collection and disclosure of the medical information of patients should be respected and upheld. The critical functions of this electronic transition have to be taken into consideration (Wang et al., 2013). This manual to electronic transition has five key principles that include maintenance of private information of the patients and securing the information of the patients. These health records should be sustained and kept through integrity which should be supported and maintained. Roadmap to achieve HIMSS level 7 by 2025: HIMSS level 7 implementation is not only a project but also a journey with a series of initiatives. This implementation plan involves impacts, solutions and challenges related to the clinical process. The objective of this plan will be to make digital status in the hospital. The evaluations of the medication processes will follow the assessment and intake process. Medical documentation and support will be followed though the E-communication among portals and patient providers (Wac, 2013). The implementation of electronic records in Metro Hospital will make legal health records by 2025. Previously this hospital was not digitalized. The need of information technology and automation will improve the provided care towards patients. In order to reach the timelines and specific achievement goals of a fully digital status in Metro Hospital, by 2025, a strategic plan, consensus and a vision must be set up at the executive level or board to deliver care through executives. A governance structure will be built to upgrade the management, prioritization, accountability and decision making. It includes user-focused comprehensive plan which will help the people to deal with the changes (Valdez et al., 2014). Along with the implementation plan, the disaster business or recovery will be made for this hospital. Achievements, measurements and changes of the technology will be managed on a day to day basis. The business processes will be measured and stretched in such a way so that the goals will be achieved by 2025. Timelines (Zhang et al., 2013): Executive Engagement can take approximate 3 years. Process measurement can take approximate 2 years. IT Infrastructure can take approximate 2 years. Governance can take approximate 4 years. System selection can take approx. 1 year. Implementation Plan: The implementation plan will have management and system overview and purpose, which will include security, set up, system security features, privacy, security, implementation schedule, the major tasks, the contact points and the implementation description during implementation process. Apart from this, this implementation plan will also involve requirements staffing and training of the implemented staffs (Xue et al., 2012). These plans will overview on configuration management, implementation impact, performance monitoring interface. Additionally, this plan also involves the implementation requirements through site requirement details. Many Resources are required in implementing the project. In order to implement this project the main resource will be Citrix technology. It will utilize the remote access from the home and the office through hardware, qualified personnel and wireless infrastructure. In this way, carts touch screens, desktops, tablets and laptops will be involved. The financial resources of this project are allocations of departmental and administered funds with other budgetary allocations (Were et al., 2015). In this project relevant resources will be implemented under possible savings or overspending and spending criteria. This will keep the track of expenditure. So, both instrumental and financial resources will be included in the resources. Governance: In the implementation plan of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model, governance is a crucial part. The uncertain governance plans can move the hospitals at big risks while implementation of other features. The governance for Metro Hospital is responsible for two committees that will supervise the HIMSS implementation. In between these two committees, one committee will be IT (Zheng et al., 2014). Other committee will be clinical and operational departments which are influenced by EHR-EMR. In the management process of the hospital many people are associated together with their respective responsibilities and they are accountable for the progress of the hospital. The rulers and producers will b involved in decision making. All the agency lines of the reporting and accountability associated with agency boards and relevant executives will be applied throughout the governance and project arrangements. The plan should be governed in such a way that it involves all the services that are meant to be supplied as a result of adopting electronic records. The Physicians and Clinical Staffs of Metro Hospital should conduct an analytical performance to make sure that implemented EMR-EHR system will provide as an actual decision making guide for the care providers (Kannry Fridsma, 2016). To make successful implementation of the plan, the governing bodies of the hospital have to work together. This committee will discuss the emerging issues at the time of their meeting and will upgrade with the latest information. Alignment to state and national eHealth programs: The process realignment is important in the hospital because it helps the hospital to execute and plan efficiently the improved process methodologies and sustainable process changes. The realignment is also crucial because it measures the changes in the new system. This redesigning will help to align the departmental renovations and workflows for the best practice of the process. In order to make an optimal workflow, physical environment renovation through physical environment remodeling and decommissioning of the satellite area is very important (Lorenzi Riley, 2013). It will reduce the time in completing medical charts and upgrading them. The adequate place will be there, that can accommodate the completing of the charts quickly and accurately. Patients security will be taken care of in this system, as various third parties, hospital staffs and physicians have access to the information. This is also a part of renovation process. This system has records about patients encounters that permit for easy streamlining and automation of health information to increase the safety via evidence based decision making, outcomes reporting and quality management. This adopted system will enhance the ability of the hospital for revenue cycle, as it has the ability to supply the easily accessible data and medical information from those electronic records. This implemented system will make a room for upgraded applications (Lombardo Buckeridge, 2012). It will support complete and accurate charge by offering improved data. At present, the hospital has made good connection with the Division of General Practitioners in the local area. But they are not connected electronically. This is affecting their operational updating (Nelson Staggers, 2013). So, the EMR will be placed to connect these practitioners and physicians with the electronic records of the hospitals. Previously providing the medical facilities to the patients used to take a lot of time. This used to happen due to searching and updating the records manually. This delay is expected to be reduced through electronic data. In the current situation, another aspect is time consuming facility. It takes a lot of time to perform the treatment manually while the patient is in emergency. This fact will be taken care of after implementation of this strategy. To integrate the new strategy with national and state based plans, the government personals have to come together with the hospital staffs. They have to give the support both financially and physically to implement this plan successfully (Stephens Hussey, 2013). In national level, to make it more popular, the management team of the hospital can take the help of social media. Within a fraction of second, the people from different states will come to know about the plan and its operational strategy. This advertisement will make the hospital popular in national and state level. The plan should be governed in such a way that it involves all the services that are meant to be supplied as a result of adopting electronic records. The Physicians and Clinical Staffs of Metro Hospital should conduct an analytical performance to make sure that implemented EMR-EHR system will provide as an actual decision making guide for the care providers. To make successful implementation of the plan, the gov erning bodies of the hospital have to work together. This committee will discuss the emerging issues at the time of their meeting and will upgrade with the latest information (Shortliffe Cimino, 2013). At present, the hospital has made good connection with the Division of General Practitioners in the local area. But they are not connected electronically. This is affecting their operational updating. So, the EMR will be placed to connect these practitioners and physicians with the electronic records of the hospitals. Previously providing the medical facilities to the patients used to take a lot of time. This used to happen due to searching and updating the records manually. This delay is expected to be reduced through electronic data. In the current situation, another aspect is time consuming facility. It takes a lot of time to perform the treatment manually while the patient is in emergency (Savel Foldy, 2012). This fact will be taken care of after implementation of this strategy. Likelihood of Success and identification of risk: As the Director of Informatics for the Metro Hospital, the author is optimistic in achieving HIMSS level 7 Adoption Model by 2025 due to the understanding and supportive Metro Hospital Staff. The main concern in this the Metro hospital related practitioners are working hard to meet these proposed rules. In this health information technology will be used meaningfully for reaching the goal of quality reporting requirements (Kannry Fridsma, 2016). After implementation and completion of electronic records in the Metro Hospital, certain occurred risks are hostile misuse and weak or incomplete or lack of enough policy awareness by the internal members. These health records will be revealed to external attacks through electronic mail phishing, website defacement and social engineering. Many important medical reports get lost in social engineering phone calls. Metro hospital should be concerned about weak disaster recovery plans and weak incidental responsive recovery policies (Nelson Stag gers, 2013). Benchmarks: In order to set up a team, it is important to utilize the benchmark metrics to provide more comparative information. In each task or scenario, the benchmark matrices will be developed to measure the proper clinical environment of clinical members. To set up a good target score, the clinician panels will compare the received ideal performance of the users against the proper good performances (Stephens Hussey, 2013). Unlike the present condition of the Electronic Medical Records performance the actual needs of the users will be reflected from this comparison. Advantages for gaining HIMSS level 7 by 2025 for Metro Hospital will also need that the advantages are quantifiable. The whole executive team should always be responsible for achieving the goals. The business value for these advantages should always outweigh implementation costs and IT increasing operational expenses (Stephens Hussey, 2013). Metro Hospital should plan in utilizing the EMR in demonstrating data agility during the whole implementation process. In order to avoid situations where the stakeholders of Metro Hospital might get disengaged before the whole project is rolled out, incremental benefits arising from the use of EMR data entry must be seen. In general, the roadmap for achievement of the HIMSS level for level 7 by 2025 for Metro Hospital will involve the following goals and timelines. Measurement of the business processes will need to stretch the goals and need to be balanced so as to embark on this long journey of achieving level 7 by 2025 for Metro Hospital. Conclusions/ Recommendations: In conclusion to make a successful adoption of HIMSS level 7 for Metro Hospital by 2025, it is very necessary to observe the risks, barriers and benefits of adoption and which was already done. After evaluation, a significant relationship was found among the barriers and benefits of this adoption. The movement of the Metro Hospital from manual operations to medical records is significant and it will move the hospital one-step further towards clinical improvement. For the hospital, the changes of medical paper records into electronic data, will give the opportunity to begin these practitioner changes not only at population levels but also at individual levels. For Metro Hospital, the success of the EHR-EMR will majorly depend on the inputs that will be procured from various departments of the hospital. Then they will utilize the system to improve the quality of the care provided to patients in increasing productivity. In this implementation project, the committees who are dealing with the government people should never be misguided. It helps the other stakeholders to provide suggestions, advice, ideas and criticism. To ensure the proper implementation of EHR-EMR system in the hospital to provide regulatory practices and improved healthcare, various types of relevant approaches will be addressed. This adoption of HIMSS level 7 will build up the reputation of Metro Hospital in the market. References: Archer, E. J. (2014). Health Informatics. Brender, J., Talmon, J., de Keizer, N., Nyknen, P., Rigby, M., Ammenwerth, E. (2013). STARE-HIstatement on reporting of evaluation studies in health informatics.Applied clinical informatics,4(3), 331-358. Campbell, J. R., Brear, H., Scichilone, R., White, S., Giannangelo, K., Carlsen, B., ... Fung, K. W. (2013). Semantic interoperation and electronic health records. In14th World Congress on Medical and Health Informatics, MEDINFO 2013. Coiera, E. (2015).Guide to health informatics. CRC Press. Herland, M., Khoshgoftaar, T. M., Wald, R. (2014). A review of data mining using big data in health informatics.Journal of Big Data,1(1), 1-35. Kannry, J., Fridsma, D. (2016). The Chief Clinical Informatics Officer (CCIO).Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,23(2), 435-435. Kappen, B. (2015). SP0043 Learning and Reasoning in Health Informatics.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases,74(Suppl 2), 12-12. Kuznetsov, V., Lee, H. K., Maurer-Stroh, S., Molnr, M. J., Pongor, S., Eisenhaber, B., Eisenhaber, F. (2013). How bioinformatics influences health informatics: usage of biomolecular sequences, expression profiles and automated microscopic image analyses for clinical needs and public health.Health Information Science and Systems,1(1), 1-18.

Andy Warhol Essays (3480 words) - Ruthenian Catholics, Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol "I just paint things I always thought were beautiful, things you use every day and never think about... I just do it because I like it. (Beckris 110) I just do it because I like it is Andy's philosophy on life. Andy might just be the most interesting and and at the same time the most confusing individual you will ever read about. Andy's work is like none others. His art brought common day people together and showed the impact of contemporary society and the idea of mass media on values. Andy's father Ondrej Wharhola is best described as a bald, burly man with a bulging belly and massive upper arms, pudgy nose and bristling sideburns. Ondrej was born in 1889 in Minkova. (Bekris, 6) He was married and living with Julia Warhola, mother of Andy, for three years in Mikova. In order to avoid being drafted into the Balkan conflict in 1912 he immigrated to Pittsburgh without her at the age of seventeen to work in a coal field in the industrial district of Philadelphia. (Bekris, 7) Julia Warhola was born in a small village in the Capathian mountains outside of Czechoslovakia. Julia was the oldest and prettiest of her fifteen other siblings. She was also said to be the artistic one of the bunch. (Bekris, 7) In 1914 Julia gave birth to a baby girl. Because of the conditions due to the war the infant contracted influenza six months later and died. Julia's mother was so depressed about the news of the infants death that she died one month later. (Bekris, 8-9) Julia was now reliable for her only two surviving sisters of ages six and nine. For the next four years Julia fled from the soldiers, hiding in woods and barns. She was supposed to be receiving money from Ondrej but because she was always on the run she never saw the money. From 1918-1921 she raised 160 dollars to go to the united states to find Ondrej. (Bekris, 9) Andy Warhol was born on September 28, 1930 in Forest City, Pennsylvania. Or so we think. This is what the original birth certificate read but Andy wanted people to believe he was born in Mc Keesport, or even Hawaii. He also stays true to believe the certificate is a forgery. Most books and other reportable sources confirm that he was indeed born in 1930 but the dates do range from 1925-1931 (Bekris, 10). Andy was raised in a coal mining town in Philadelphia. It was a dark musty town were the sky stayed black. The town was overrun with poverty and crime. (Bekris, 10) Being raised in an environment as such would greatly affect a person's personality in their later years. This might explain Andy's later fascination with death related topics. In 1930 Andy's father got a steady job laying roads and moving houses. This was a high paying job at the time because of the mass rate of growth in the cities. Ondrej saved his money and one-year later moved his family into a larger house on Beelan Street. Shortly after moving into the house Ondrej lost his job and was forced to move into a two-bedroom apartment. The rent was six dollars a week and Andy's father had to work odd jobs to just barley pay the rent. It was not just Andy and his parents. Andy had two other brothers, one older and one younger. All three of the children were said to be afraid of their father. "Dad didn't like us to start commotion because he was so exhausted and he would get emotionally upset. Usually all he had to do was look at you." (Beckris 12) Andy always had a problem with grammar school. He was not a social child and preferred to keep to himself. As most children do, they saw this in Andy and picked on him frequently. (Bekris, 18) Andy's brother Paul stated, "At age four Andy cried a lot at school and one day a little black girl slapped him" (Beckris 15) He was very traumatized by this incident and asked his mother if she could keep him home from school. As the loving mother she was, she took Andy out of school and kept him home for two years. Over this time he became very close to his mother. When it was time for him to return to school he threw a temper tantrum. It took his mother, brother and neighbor to drag Andy back to school. Because of

AS Biology Coursework

AS Biology Coursework AS Biology Coursework Below is a short excerpt from an AS biology coursework written on the topic of biological species. The topic is rather broad and serves as an introduction to a narrowed research. Reading the following biology coursework sample, pay special attention to the sentence structure, use of terms, and format. writers are online 24/7 to help you with your coursework writing assignments. Moreover, our free writing blog is full of excellent sample essays and papers. If you need an expertmotivation coursework just follow this link: Species represents a biological balance, and an individual is also a balance or system in equilibrium. Within a species itself, individuals are similar but not identical. The differences are called variations, and when numbers of individuals exhibit the same variation they form a variety. A variety is distinguished from a race because the latter has greater constancy, whereas the former fluctuates in general and tends to disappear, whilst individuals showing such variation engender a line which continues over a larger or smaller number of generations and becomes approximated to the specific type. This is what Galton in 1889 termed "filial regression." Specific characters do exist representing a middle term, and on one side or the other of this average, we find variations which arithmetically follow Gauss's Law, or the Law of Mean Errors of the Calculus of Probabilities. This can be confirmed by taking the more distinctive characters. Thus height, weight, colour of eyes, basic intensity of metabolism, pulse, blood pressure, and so on. In species other than the human we can take for instance the weight of certain seeds, the height of a plant, the number of vertebrae in certain fish, and so forth. The graph showing such variations quantitatively is called a "Galton's curve," and demonstrates that individuals showing typical average characters of the species are the most numerous, whilst divergencies above and below such average diminish in proportion to the degree of variation of the character from the average type. Thus, for instance, the height of individuals: there is an average height, a distinctive feature for each species and t his will be the height of the majority of specimens. There are taller individuals and shorter ones, and the numbers of these outsiders decreases as their height differs more and more from the standard. There is furthermore, as we have repeatedly mentioned, a tendency to revert to the specific standard. Short parents and tall usually have offspring whose height is different from their own and more or less in accordance with the variance of the parents from the average standard. In all of these cases the tendency for "reversion to type," to "balance" in the species, is evident. There may well exist primitive species with a certain degree of stability, fairly constant in form, such as those distinguished by Jordan in 1848 as between the plants and the midpoint of the limits of a Linnaean species. Thus, for instance, in Viola tricolor, Jordan distinguished several dozen various species, independent and stable as regards the transmission of their characters through the seeds: with large, small and middling blossoms respectively identifiable through particular features of the component parts of the blossoms, seeds, and so on. AS Biology Coursework Writing Service AS biology coursework can be a pleasure for some students while it is a real nightmare for the rest. As a result, thousands of students turn to professional coursework writing service offered at our site to get help with their challenging assignments. Our biology writers are able to write customized (written from scratch) coursework on a wide array of topics. We guarantee no plagiarism and no copy/paste! Only original writing! Read also: Expository Essay Essay Writing Tips English Essay Writing Outline Conclusion Writing Cold War History Essay

Paradox of Why Philosophy is Dangerous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paradox of Why Philosophy is Dangerous - Essay Example Although a lot of people do not acknowledge philosophy, it is essential that some advantages are outlined. The research provides a number of reasons why philosophy is still an important area of study and evaluation in the current life. It is identified that a lot of ideas in today’s world are all associated with philosophy. For example, the language spoken has been identified as the disparity between actions and things, an idea proving that language is associated with philosophy. The research contrasts the given advantages by providing information on the dangers of associating with philosophers. Among the many dangers described, the essay provides clear ways explaining how philosophy is a dangerous method of acquiring information. In a quench to widen their scope of understanding statements, philosophers end up settling on the wrong meanings of the given statements. The research shows prove from two philosophers who proved that one prove in a philosophers world leads to a different finding. The essay provides information that shows how philosophy posses’ danger to everyone including children. Young philosophers are faced with different challenges that are elaborated in depth in the paper. Ragnar says that these challenges include the ability to identify the truth in philosophical statements yet according to philosophers, every statement is true. This does not only involve children because the research shows how philosophy becomes dangerous to the young people. In the quest to seek for knowledge, Young people end up getting caught up in expound able ideas of philosophy. Isn’t it strange how philosophy is far more dangerous than walking on all known slippery rocks? Probably, it would be better to ask why too much thinking causes immense intellectual strain, a basis for various philosophers going bonkers. Many of studies done in colleges are meant to educate people regarding a certain subject in all available details.

Politeness Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Politeness Theory - Essay Example Primarily, the theory focuses on the sequential context of utterances, which is deemed critical for the comprehensive message interpretation; this is nevertheless examined alongside other conversational factors such as tone and volume. This theory can be applied to a diverse range of social and professional or academic situations including but not limited to classroom pedagogy and language teaching. This paper will critically examine the politeness theory by carrying out a critical analysis several journal articles dedicated to various aspects of the concept with particular attention to its application in a pedagogical context as well as an analysis of the various disputations that have been directed towards challenging it. Summary of the politeness Theory The fundamental notion behind Brown and Levinson politeness theory is the face, which they defined as the public self-image that each individual in a society desires to claim for him/herself. They created a binary framework in whic h the face was categorized as two divergent albeit related aspects namely the negative and positive face. The positive face is characterized with the self-image, which holds, and it encapsulates their inherent desire to gain approval and appreciation from other people. The negative face is characterized by one’s not wanting to have their actions inhibited or constrained by or for the sake of others; in the context of this theory politeness refers to the steps that individuals take in the interests of preservation of both their face and that of their audience. The term has been explicitly defined as the redressive action through which individual’s counterbalance the effects of face threatening facts (FTAs) redressive is contextually applied in reference to actions that give or reinforce face to the audience of the message (Johnson, Roloff & Riffee, 2004). It is suggested that in communication, whether written, face-to-face of through other media, human beings perpetuall y attempt to maintain each other’s face. This is manifested in the fact that they often try their outmost to avoid creating through discourse, embarrassing or humiliating situations for each other in order to preserve self-esteem. FTAs are defined as action that infringes on the need of the patient of the information to maintain their self-esteem; therefore, one can say that there are acts that intricacy poses a threat to face (Foley, 1997). According to the theory, orders, suggestions advises reminders, threats or warning and similar acts pose a threat to one’s negative face, on the other hand, positive face is threatened when they incorporate elements of disapproval, ridicule contempt or accusations and insults. Under the positive strategy, politeness is inclined toward the positive self-perception of the speaker has for himself and the listener as well. This confirms that the speaker takes cognizance of the listeners need to be respected and this often happen among close friends or otherwise intimate people (Wilson et al., 1998). The negative politeness on the other hand is based on respect but in a different format as the speaker seeks to respect the negative face wants of the addressee by not interfering with their inherent autonomy of freedom. For example, one may start a request by saying â€Å"

The Roles Of The Nervous System Biology Essay

The Roles Of The Nervous System Biology Essay The nervous system plays an important role in the smooth functioning of the body and is a complex network of cells which transmits signals through the body. The signals are transmitted by the brain, so if someone wanted to catch a ball their brain would transmit a signal to their hands to reach and catch the ball and are specialized in certain function. These cells communicate with each other through electrochemical waves. The neurons and glial cells are the important components of the nervous system. The two parts in which the nervous system is divided are the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The spinal cord and brain form the central nervous system and neural tissues lying to the exterior of the central nervous system compose the peripheral nervous system. The main function of the nervous system is to keep a control over the systems of the body through these following processes. Sensory receptors of the nervous system are useful for the extraction of information from the environment and sending it to the central nervous system. The sensory neurons carry the information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. The central nervous system collects information from the sensory receptors and carries out the processing. The task of transferring and interpreting the information is carried out by the interneurons. The peripheral nervous system sends information processed in the central nervous system to the glands and muscles of the body. An appropriate response is then activated by these glands or muscles. The motor neurons carry out the function of sending instructions to muscles or glands. The autonomous nervous system responds involuntarily. The involuntary processes of the body such as breathing, digestion, body temperature regulation and etc, are carried out by the autonomous nervous system. The autonomous nervous system is sub-divided into sympat hetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Coordination of body movements and homeostasis is carried out by the hind brain. Hind brain consists of different parts such as medulla, cerebellum and pons. The receptors are classified as exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors. The exteroceptors are used by the nervous system in smelling, listening, looking, touching, tasting and feeling. The signals associated with blood pressure, alimentary canal, bladder and osmotic pressure of blood plasma are received by the interoceptors. The movement and position of body parts is tracked by the proprioceptors. This kind of stimulus received by receptors is also one of the modes of classifying the receptors. Chemical receptors, mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors are different types of receptors classified on the basis of the above-mentioned criteria. Thermoreceptors which consist of warm and cold fibers are excited by rising and falling temperatures respectively. The mechanoreceptors carry information about the mechanical stimulation to the central nervous system. The chemical receptors are sub-divided into olfactory, gustatory and glucose detectors, which are responsible for detecting smell, taste and glucose respectively. The glucose detectors are also responsible for providing information about the acid-base balance in the body Endocrine System The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete different hormones for the various functions and chemical reactions occurring within the body. The main function is to maintain a stable environment within the body or homeostasis. For example, maintaining the blood sugar levels according to changes occurring in the body is homeostasis. The other function of it is promoting the structural changes of the body which are the permanent changes occurring in the body over time such as height, development of sexual organs, and etc. There are 8 major glands that help in the functioning of this vital system. These major endocrine glands are as follows, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Ovaries and Testes. Hypothalamus, a collection of specialized cells that are located in the lower central part of the brain is called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the main link between the endocrine and the nervous systems. The nerve cells of the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by stimulating or suppressing the hormone secretions. Pituitary Gland, the pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is the most important part in the endocrine system. The pituitary gland secretes hormones on the basis of the emotional and seasonal changes. The hypothalamus sends information that is sensed by the brain to pituitary triggering production hormones. The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland regulated the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and the reproductive glands. The anterior lobe also produces hormones such as Growth Hormone, to stimulate the growth of the bones and tissues. It also plays a role in the bodys absorption of nutrients and minerals. Prolactin, activate the production of milk in lactating mothers. Thyrotropin, stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Corticotropin, stimulate the adrenal glands to produce certain hormones. Endorphins, reduces the feeling of pain. The pituitary glands produces hormones that signal the reproductive organs to secrete sex hormones. The menstrual cycle and ovulation in women is also controlled by the pituitary gland. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces anti-diuretic hormone that helps to control the water balance in the body. Oxytoxins that trigger the contractions of the uterus in a woman who is in labour is secreted by the posterior lobe. Thyroid Gland, the thyroid gland is situated in the front part of the lower neck that is shaped like a bow tie or butterfly. The production and secretions of the hormones of the thyroid glands are controlled by thyrotropin secreted by the pituitary gland. Thyroid produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, that controls the rate at which the cells use up energy from food for production of energy. The thyroid hormones are very important as they help in growth of bones and the development and growth of the brain and nervous system in children. Over or under secretion of thyroid hormones lead to a number of thyroid problems in the body. Parathyroids, these are four tiny glands that are attached to the thyroid gland. They release the parathyroid hormone that helps in regulating the level of calcium in blood along with another hormone produced by thyroid known as calcitinin. Adrenal Glands, there are two triangular adrenal glands situated on each of the two kidneys. The adrenal gland is divided into two parts. The outer part called the adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids, which influence and regulate the salt and water levels. They are also helpful in the bodys response to stress, metabolism, immune system and the function and development of sexual organs. The inner part called the adrenal medulla, secretes catecholamine like epinephrine. This hormone is also called the adrenaline, which increases the blood pressure and heart rate when the body is under stress. Reproductive Glands or Gonads, the gonads are present in males and females and are the main organs producing sex hormones. In men, the gonads are related to testes. The testes are located in the scrotum and secrete androgens. The most important hormone for men testosterone is secreted from the testes. In women, ovaries are the gonads that are located in the pelvis region. They produce estrogen and progesterone hormones. Estrogen is involved during the sexual maturation of the girl, that is, puberty. Progesterone along with estrogen is involved in the regulation of menstruation cycle. These hormones are also involved during pregnancy. Pancreas, these glands are associated with the digestive system of the human body. They secrete digestive enzymes and two important hormones insulin and glucagon. These hormones work together to maintain the level of glucose in the blood. If these hormones are not secreted in the required levels, it leads to development of diabetes. Pineal, the pineal gland is located in the center of the brain. Melatonin is secreted by this gland that helps regulate the sleeping cycle of a person. Genetic System Genes are the basic units of hereditary transmission of characteristics. Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species to evolve. In humans there are 23 pairs of Chromosomes which are located in the cell nucleus. Each person has 46 chromosomes, half from our mother and the other half from our father. The difference in the sex hormones is that Females have XX chromosomes while Males have XY chromosomes. This full set of genes in any organism is known as the Genome. No single gene determines a particular behaviour due to its complex traits involving multiple genes that are affected by a variety of other factors. But it share traits such as nurturing, cooperation, and altruism. These behavioural characteristics enhance t he survivorship of each species. Raquel Deering (2002) stated that a study performed by Harvard and MIT scientists involved the silencing of the gene responsible for coding of an important enzyme, CAMKII, in lab mice. Mutated mice were found to be unusually aggressive and daring. When placed in an open field, a mutated mouse would dawdle. However, when under the same conditions, a normal mouse would immediately run to the perimeter for cover. The atypical brazen attitude of a mutant mouse would make it much more susceptible to attack by prey in nature. Therefore, this trait is not frequently observed among mouse populations because it has been naturally selected against. A genetically influenced trait tends to be polygenic in characters involving many genes acting in concert to produce a certain response and also depends on the interaction of multiple gene sequences with environmental influences. These multiple gene systems are referred to as quantitative trait loci (QTL), reflecting their ability to quantitatively distribute phenotypic characteristics. The recently completed human genome sequence has greatly assisted the detection of QTLs and polymorphisms It must also be emphasized that genes do not directly dictate action, but rather are mediated by the proteins that they code for (Peter McGuffin, Brien Riley and Robert Plamin, 2001). It is necessary to examine not only the genes but also the assortment of proteins responsible for expression of particular traits (Joseph D. McInerney, 1999). It is anticipated that detailed analysis of the human genome will contribute to understandings about gene organization and transcription, and hence regulatory elements that control expression. By utilizing genomic and proteomic tools, the relationship between gene/protein and behaviour may be more accurately described. (Deering, 2002) Traditional research strategies in behavioural genetics include studies of twins and adoptees, techniques designed to sort biological from environmental influences. More recently, investigators have added the search for pieces of DNA associated with particular behaviours, an approach that has been most productive to date in identifying potential locations for genes associated with major mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Genetics and molecular biology have provided some significant insights into behaviours associated with inherited disorders. For example, we know that an extra chromosome 21 is associated with the mental retardation that accompanies Downs syndrome, although the processes that disrupt brain function are not yet clear. We also know the steps from gene to effect for a number of single-gene disorders that result in mental retardation, including phenylketonuria (PKU), a treatable metabolic disorder for which all newborns in the United States are t ested.(McInerney, 2008) The importance of biological perspective in achieving the goals of psychology The field of Psychology is the study of the mind, how it works, and its impact on thinking, behaviours, and our abilities to relate to our environment. Psychologists practice their craft based on different theoretical beliefs of behavioural causes but they all share similar primary goals which are Goals, Description, Explanation, Prediction, Change, Considerations and others have also recognised Observing and Improving as part of the primary goals. Biology has brought in brain and body structural understandings of typical and different types of people for understanding and brought about solutions in how to cure and treat the disorder. Researchers in biological psychology draw techniques and theories from related fields to identify the relationships between the activity of the nervous system and observable behaviour. Example high levels of testorones are associated with increased aggression (Dabbs, 1990 cited in Laura A. Freberg, 2006, pg.3). Biology in this case appears to be driving the behaviour and have helped in achieving goals in psychology through case studies, correlation studies, surveys, laboratory test and others to find the cause and solution for such problems. Researchers have also have brought about Imaging method to watch and identify the differences between how typical people and people with disorders/serial killers brain function by using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and etc . Theres also Recording method whereby it records electrical charges across their membrane using electrodes on the surface of the skull such as Single-Cell recordings and Magnet o encephalography (MEG). Theres also medicine prescribed to help control the fluids, hormones and etc in our body to maintain stability for future health reason. These methods are used to explain to the world how are persons behaviour is determined and what makes their thinking and character unique from others. Since the most important part of psychology is the brain, they must look for the help of biology, which is a sub-field that focuses on the brain movements. They also have found out the ancient histories of human bodies and how it has changed since then and also how will it change further in the further, also known as evolution, was all found out and brought to the worlds recognition and understanding through these biology. Its been stated that single cell organism appeared about 3.5 billion years ago and animals with very simple nerve nets developed about 700 million years ago. More complex animals with the first rudimentary brains, appeared about 250 million years ago and the first human brain probably appeared about seven million years ago (Calvin, 2004, cited in Freberg pg.54) and are using the samples of the ancient body parts to study, refer and relate to the present humans of biological factors and behaviours. Through many studies it has brought about cure and proper treatment plan for disorders or severe illness such as migraine, bipolar disorder, tumour, autism and etc also have predicted what may happen to a person in the futur e and are also still doing more research to study about learned and instinctual behaviours which are still are underlying questions in the world. Biology is the study of life. Without biology, we would have no idea about an organisms makeup or the most basic unit of life, a cell. It plays a very important role in our lives by teaching a person about body functions and how to take care of it. You have a better overall view when you know all areas of academic study. Likewise, you get to know the scientific method. Biology influences a person in many ways. Such as teaching why should we take care of the environment, why of our body, and a better overall view. As mentioned above environmental factors, body factors (genes and bodily functions), food all plays a role in determining and developing a persons behaviour and sometimes explanation is required to the world. Through these fundamentals brought in from biological perspective, it helped in achieving goals in psychology. (2599 words)

The Panama Canal Essay -- History Historical Essays

The Panama Canal In 1902, Theodore Roosevelt had a dream of a dominant America in both major oceans, connected by an American canal. With his inspiration, construction began on what has been called the largest project of any kind ever undertaken. Now that it is complete, the Panama Canal makes the world a much smaller place for ocean-going vessels of all sizes. Ideas for a canal across Panama have been in the works ever since the time the isthmus was discovered. In 1513, Vasco Nuà ±ez de Balboa crossed the 50-mile wide land bridge and claimed the water on the other side in the name of Spain. Shortly after, in 1534, a team was sent to survey possible canal routes that would follow the Chagres River, but it was deemed to be impossible to build at the time. There were no other notable instances of interest in a canal until 1848, when the California Gold Rush swept the United States. The Panama railroad was completed in 1851, and transported millions of dollars worth of gold and other riches from one sea to the next. In 1952, future president Ulysses S. Grant led the American Fourth Infantry across the isthmus and 150 of his men died of cholera in the jungle, inspiring him to commission surveys in Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama during his presidency in 1969. The survey teams, which were supervised by the Secretary of the Navy, decided that a route through Nicaragua would be the best for a transcontinental canal (www.pancanal.com). Three decades later, President McKinley’s U.S. Isthmian Canal Commission would also favor the Nicaraguan route, but for reasons which will be discussed later, the Panamanian route was ultimately chosen. The only physical attribute of Panama t... ... On December 31, 1999 the Panama Canal was handed over to the Republic of Panama, ending United States influence there for almost a century. As it always has been, the canal is to remain neutral, safe, and open to vessels from all nations for as long as it is in operation. Although the circumstances by which the construction of the canal came about were less than diplomatic, the final state of the passageway represents a free and equal ideology for mankind. Bibliography LaFeber, Walter. The Panama Canal. Oxford University Press: New York, 1978. A Man, A Plan, A Canal, Panama. A WGBH Production In Association With The British Broadcasting Corporation. WGBH Foundation: Boston, 1999. The Panama Canal. http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/index.html. Panama Canal Authority: 2001. CanalMuseum.com. http://www.canalmuseum.com. Ared Networks: 2002.

Positive Effects Can Come From a Lower Birth Rate Essay

In the not-so-distant past, there was a world wide effort to create zero population growth. The environmental uproar in the 1970s had scientists convinced that with 4 billion or so people on that planet, Earth had reached her carrying capacity. The basic premises was that there wasn’t enough room for all the people being born and that there definitely would not be enough room when we reached 2050 and a project population of 11 billion (Cohen, 1). Though the global warming predicts had not begun yet, there were huge concerns that the planet could not produce enough food for 11 billion people and that we would be consuming resources at such an alarming rate that world would die from too many people. Flash forward thirty years and now, industrialized countries across the world are expressing concern that they may have been too hasty in their condemnation of population growth. In fact, many are downright worried about their population declines or very slow population growth. They express concern that the economy will collapse as the burden of the elderly is too great for the younger generation to support and care for. Labor leaders claim there will not be enough people to do the work that needs done and others decry the trend as the true end of the British Empire and the dominance of Western Civilization as those are the countries with declining birth rates. The simple truth is that a low birth rate can be a positive choice for the industrialized world, if considered in the right light. This paper will look at some of the factors contributing to the declining population and the effects that are likely because of a population decline. To understand how this situation developed, it is interesting to review the last 900 years of human sexuality. In his essay â€Å"Two Successive Motivations for the Declining Birth Rate in the West†, Phillippe Aries argues that since the Middle Ages, the shift in societal norms had lead to the declining birth rate. The Church enticed people to a moral stance against pre-marital sex and as the economy evolved from largely agrarian to industrial and even retail based, the large family was no longer an economic necessity (646).   In an agrarian society, children were a source of cheap labor and a financial boon to their parents. The cost of feeding and clothing them was more than made up for by their assistance in earning the family sustenance. But as societies moved away from the farm, children became an expense. Indeed, Aries writes, the trend to significantly smaller families began in the Middle Ages and continued unabated until the Baby Boom after the end of World War II (647). The trend toward smaller families was also a sign of planning and forethought. It was assumed that a smaller family could even be considered a measure of self-control and â€Å"The fewer the children, the more care and attention that could be devoted to each† (Aries, 647) As society became more mobile and people were no longer trapper in the social class that they were born in, people chose smaller families with the idea that they could provide more opportunities for that smaller family and their children would have greater economic opportunity that they did (648). In addition, in the mid-1970s concerns about overpopulation ran rampant. By the mid 1990s, they were in crisis mode.   In Science magazine in 1995, JE Cohen wrote, â€Å"Earth’s capacity to support people is determined both by natural constraints and by human choices concerning economics, environment, culture (including values and politics), and demography. Human carrying capacity is therefore dynamic and uncertain.†Ã‚   (341). Though scientists argued about what that carrying capacity might be, they warned rabidly that if the exponential population growth were not stopped the capacity would be reached in our children’s lifetime if not our own. Further complicating things was an environmental movement   that claimed deforestation to turn the land into agricultural production as causing soil erosion and pollution faster than we could imagine. If the world growth continued unabated, the population would reach that carrying capacity much sooner because the Earth would be too polluted to sustain life. Even now, in An Inconvenient Truth Nobel Prize winner Al Gore points out that trees cut down to provide grazing land for cattle are contributing to global warming because the living trees would have cut carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Though Gore does not make the leap, it is there to behold. Too many people means more land devoted to food production which means fewer trees and faster global warming. With all that in place, it is no wonder then that people chose to have smaller families or no families at all. And that is where the new scientific debate and political nightmare began. The United Nations reports that 75 percent of the industrialized nations of the world have reached zero population growth including the United States and most of Western Europe. The population of Britain is still growing at a very slow rate, largely due to immigration, but in Germany and Japan the total population has begun to decline. This has thrown social scientists into a tizzy. They complain that there will not be enough workers to take all the jobs that are needed; they claim the workers will no longer be able to meet the tax demands of their nations; and they claim that a declining number of young people will mean that there is no one around to care for the Baby Boomers as they get older.   Not surprisingly, many of these doom and gloom predictions are written by Baby Boomers. Instead, it might be nice to focus on the positive benefits of population control. A smaller population will mean simple things, like less congestion on the highways and fewer people in the one open checkout line at the grocery store. But those are the incidental effects of a lower population growth. The key benefits of a smaller population are: better access to education, less pollution and therefore less global warming, and more job opportunities. For a decade or so, Americans have been decrying overcrowding in the school systems as a factor in school performance.   In 2003, CNN reported that overcrowding was causing a boom in the temporary classroom business and states across the nation were taking steps to reduce overcrowding (CNN, 1).   With a declining birth rate in the industrialized nations, fewer children will need to be educated and the student to teacher ratio will decrease. That will lead to more individualized attention for each student and better learning opportunities. In addition, as those children get older, instead of being able to raise prices and keep students from going to college, colleges and universities will be forced to compete for students. The reality is that smaller class size throughout the educational process will mean that all students are getting a better education, not just the ones who can afford private school or the ones lucky enough to be talented an attract a teacher’s interest. Furthermore, as the population seeking a college degree decreases second-class universities with questionable accreditation will be driven out of business and the top academic talent will mass in good schools providing good educations. As simple as it sounds, another advantage of a smaller population will be less pollution. Gore’s movie and other studies of global warming indicate that one of the significant contributors to greenhouse gases are personal vehicles. If there are fewer people, there will by simple logic be fewer cars and fewer cars mean that fewer greenhouse gases are emitted. And, fewer people means less need for food, so some farmland could be returned to forest or converted from vast corporate farms to sustainable small farms which produce healthier food and fewer pollutants. The rain forest of the Amazon River Basin could be left as rain forest with no need for more cattle to feed the world’s desire for beef consumption and the demand for electricity would fall as there were fewer people using it. As the demand for electricity falls, older, fossil fuel burning electric plants could be shut down or replaced with newer, cleaner burning generation facilities. The ultimate proof of the effect that the population has on the environment can be observed today in India. â€Å"Environmental pollution is one of the serious problems faced by the people in the country. Rapid population growth, industrialization and urbanization in country are adversely affecting the environment. (Nagdeve, 2).   India has polluted its sacred rivers and begun poisoning itself, creating a severe lack of potable water because of its overpopulation.   Many of the pollution problems come quite simply from human excrement. There are insufficient sewage facilities and the sewage contaminants the ground water, leading to environmental collapse. With 1.1 billion people, India is the second most populous nation in the world and is being destroyed by its high birth rate (Nagdeve, 33). In China, the world’s largest population has become the primary source of greenhouse gases and is polluting the world at an alarming rate. Though they have instituted some population control measures, the population is so large now that until some of it dies off or moves to other areas, overcrowding and pollution, as well as poor access to resources will continue to be their plight. By far the most concerning aspect of the low-birth rate to most the industrialization nations is the impact it is likely to have on the economy. Naysayers claim the smaller populace will be unable to meet the needs of the elderly population, will be unable to meet the tax burden placed on them by their parents and grandparents and will not be able to meet the employment needs of the country.   The arguments are complicated and may have a grain of truth in them, but are not the forgone conclusion that they are assumed to be. First, there is the issue of meeting the needs of the elderly populace. This is in many ways a self-serving argument of the Baby Boom generation the reality is that in the United States, a third of the workforce is now over the age of 55. â€Å"Because of an aging population and declining growth of the labor force, human resource policies are changing. Companies are offering incentives to keep older workers working past retirement age. Older workers can sometimes replace the lack of younger employees. Opportunities like flextime, part-time, temp work, job sharing, and extended vacations are becoming more common for employees of all ages. Businesses are learning that people of all shapes, sizes, ages, colors, and backgrounds can be good workers† (Johnson, 1) Many of the Baby Boomers are living to ripe old ages and will need long term care, but it also means they are staying in the workforce longer.   And, they are better able to care for themselves than any previous generation of retirees. In addition, society has seen this short-term boom in the elderly population coming and ahs planned for it. Retirement communities and apartment complexes make care for the elderly much easier than in previous generations. Since they are all located in one area instead of being spread out in various private homes, the number of people needed to care for the elderly is greatly reduced. Second, there is the question of the tax burden, again a selfish notion of the elderly that the younger generation should have to support their Social Security needs even though it is an unrealistic expectation.   Unfortunately, instead of working as Franklin Roosevelt had planned and being a supplement to a personal retirement plan, Social Security has become the only retirement plan for many Americans and the government has continued to bail out failed retirement plan after failed retirement plan, usually due to poor fiscal planning or malfeasance on the part of those overseeing the plan. The simple reality is that the elderly cannot continue to rely on the government to meet all their needs and it is likely that in choosing to have fewer children they chose not to have the financial support of a younger generation. Aries argued that they shouldn’t need the financial support family or the government because of their decision not to have a large family.   He argued that with the money people saved by not having a family, they should be able to pay for help when they reach retirement age (Aries, 629). While this inability to deal with the tax burden is a valid concern, it can also be viewed as a great opportunity. Many people complain that the current government system is messed up and the tax plan unfair, but no one seems to be able to do anything about it.   Though a collapse of the economic structure is an extreme way to bring about change, it is a valid way and one that may have to be considered in the near future. Finally, the argument against low-birth rates is that the there will be insufficient people to work the jobs that need doing. This is perhaps the weakest argument of all. Do we really need a Starbucks on every corner and a McDonald’s two doors down?   The reality is that the economic market will correct itself.   Fewer people available to do the jobs will mean that high school and college students are able to find part-time work again and it will mean that the unemployment rate will drop. Regardless of the opportunity, there will always be some degree of unemployment either voluntary or temporary, but with greater opportunities available, more people will have better economic opportunities. Yes, some low-paying jobs may go unfilled. If that happens, the need will equate to the job growth. Like the tax issue, it will probably mean a restructuring of societal values. If more people are need in the medical field to care for the elderly and society places a higher value on that then serving coffee or flipping burgers, society will adjust to the loss of mass market coffee and fast food. After all, less than fifty years ago, fast food was barely thought of. Fast food and poor paying retail jobs were not always a vital part of the American economy and if there is a labor shortage, they might be gone again. If there is a shortage of labor, society will adjust and fill the positions that it most needs. Some economists have argued that with a smaller labor force, economies could collapse as the total productivity level of a nation is decreased, but historical analysis shows us that this too may be a made up fear and an irrational prediction. In an essay regarding the impact low birth rates will have on the economy, William H. Reid, writing for the Journal on Extension said that history shows that our most productive times in history were when the population was smaller. For example, he said, right after the Black Plague productivity in Europe skyrocketed (Reid, 1). The idea behind the increase was that people had something to work for and out of necessity worked hard to get it. He further argued that while overall productivity might be down, wages will be up as employers compete for qualified staff. That will mean that the economy will be booming. The simple truth is that zero population growth was a good idea twenty years ago and that has not changed.   The great majority of opposition to it in Europe and North America is in fact a form of xenophobia, a fear that if other parts of the world outbreed the locals, the local way of life will be destroyed. If analysts were honest and admitted to this fear, there might be more action taken on it. By hiding their fears in other â€Å"concerns†, they miss a chance for honest discourse on the effect that a huge Indian and Chinese population will have on the world. They miss the opportunity to take real action to address the overpopulation concerns of India.   Allowing more people to emigrate from overcrowded areas to less crowded areas will cut down on the demands on the resources of individual nations and improve the quality of life around the globe. However, so many areas are insular and afraid to share their land or way of life with anyone of a different culture. If the industrialized countries were at least willing to admit that, there arguments might have more standing in the world’s eyes. The reasons why the birth rate in the industrialized world is dropping are numerous and debatable.   Aries suggested that another reason why the birth rate is declining is that people no longer see a way to make the world a better place for their descendants. Whether it is a fear of nuclear annihilation or global warming, many people are concerned that the world will not be a great place for the next generation and have decided against having children (469). Others have decided to keep the money for their own happiness instead of spending it on a child and some simply wait longer than they meant to and find they unable to have children. Whatever the reasons for the declining birth rate, it is a fact of life in Europe and North America. Those nations can simply decide how to live with the consequences or, as they have in parts of Europe, take extreme action to reverse the course. In Japan and Germany where the population is already beginning to decline, the smaller population had coincided with an economic growth period. Whether this is simply coincidental is hard to tell at this point, but history seems to tell us that the chances are good that a deckling birth rate does not spell doom and gloom and the end of the world. Instead, it will like lead to a period of greater education for the average person, a cleaner environment and a booming economy. It may also lead to revolutionary thinking as the countries that have always had plenty of people to do their menial tasks have to consider other alternatives, such as an open border with Mexico so that there are more workers, or allowing a mass immigration from India, to relieve overcrowding there. Whatever the solution, it will require scientific and political minds meeting together and honestly discussing the wants and fears of Europe and North America and their desire to change them. In the end, the best consequence of a declining birth rate might be a further globalization of the world. Areas in the Far East and the Indian subcontinent with population problems will need to find more space and Europe and North America will have to find more workers. If the struggle be worked through and the prejudices and fears overcome, then the best thing that could come from a lower birth rate would be an international melting pot with everyone working together for a better planet, better economy and a better life. WORKS CITED Aries, Phillippe.†Two Successive Motivations for the Declining Birth Rate in the West† Population and Development Review > Vol. 6, No. 4 (Dec., 1980), pp. 645-650   November 20, 2007. Cohen, JE â€Å"Population growth and earth’s human carrying capacity† Science Vol.269, Issue 5222, Summer, 1995, p. 341-46. â€Å"Ending overcrowding in California Schools†Ã‚   Policylink < http://www.policylink.org/Research/SchoolOvercrowding/> November 20, 2007. Johnson, Kelly. â€Å"The Effects of a Declining Birth Rate on the Labor Force† < http://cber.cba.ua.edu/rbriefs/ab_jan98.html> November 20, 2007. Martin, Steve P. â€Å"Diverging Fertility among U.S. Women Who Delay Childbearing Past Age 30† Demography , Vol. 37, No. 4 (Nov., 2000), pp. 523-533 November 20,2007. Nagdeve,   Dewaram. â€Å"Environment and Health in India†Ã‚   presented to Asian Context at Bangkok, Thailand, June 10, 2002. < http://www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S09Nagdeve.pdf> November 20, 2007. â€Å"Overcrowding Fuel Boom† CNN.com < http://www.cnn.com/2003/EDUCATION/06/02/classsize.portables.ap/index.html> November 20, 2007. Reid, Walter H. â€Å"Will Declining Birt Rates creates a Crisis?† Journal of Extension (Summer 1988), Vol. 26, No. 2 , November 20, 2007.